A corrupted file has unintentional changes in its data that prevent it from working correctly. This differs from a file being intentionally deleted, modified, or simply in a format your program doesn't recognize. Corruption happens when bits or bytes of data are altered, missing, or scrambled, often due to errors in storage, transfer, or software processes.

For example, a corrupted image file might show only parts of the picture, display error messages, or refuse to open entirely in photo editing software. Similarly, a corrupted document might open with garbled text or symbols instead of the original content when accessed in word processors like Microsoft Word or Google Docs. This issue occurs frequently when downloading large files over unstable internet connections or saving work to damaged storage drives.

While file systems often include basic error detection, corrupted files can lead to data loss, wasted time, and frustration. This highlights the importance of maintaining reliable hardware, using error-checking protocols during transfers, and implementing regular backups. Future file formats and storage technologies focus on enhanced resilience to minimize these risks.